Anomalous State of Knowledge(ASK) [知識異常態]
Keywords - information behavior
知識異常態(Anomalous State of Knowledge, ASK)的概念，是由 Belkin (1977) 所提出。
在資訊科學的脈絡中，傳播系統是既是接收者驅使的(recipient-instigated)，也是接收者控制的(recipient-controlled)。在由許多人所產生的文字世界中，當有人(接收者)鎖定一個或一些文字，溝通才會開始，也因此才能完整一個溝通系統，而在達成目的時結束。這稱為語言層次的溝通，在此，產生者製造出使用者閱讀的文字。在認知層次，文字被理解為，受到目的、價值、與內在信念結構的修改，所呈現產生者的知識的概念狀態。
Belkin 建議，應把這種基本結構視為資訊與文字的連結。他進一步論述，認為最好由認知層次理解啟動這種溝通系統的理由，即，在某些目的的前提下，接收者認知到其知識狀態正處於非常態(anomalous)中，並且接收者希望能解決這種異常。
關於「異常」(anomaly)，Balkin 是指使用者對某個主題的知識狀態，在考慮完成其工作目標時，有些不充分(inadequate)。「異常」此一概念是用來彰顯這種不充分的狀態。這種不充分的狀態並不只是由於缺乏知識所導致的，也可能包含其他的因素，例如，在許多相關概念中的不確定性。
ASK 與 Taylor(1968)的「無意識需求(unconscious need)」， Wersig (1971)的「問題狀態(problematic situation)」， Dervin (1983)的「鴻溝(gaps)」等說法，有明顯關係。Belkin 的 ASK 假說與其他說法的不同，在於：
- ASK 是普遍現象的明確地認知解釋。
- ASK 認為異常態可能有多種類型
- 在一實徵檢驗中，已經成功的測試過此概念操作化的結果(Belkin, 1977)
- 在資訊檢索系統的設計與理解上已經有具體的提議與測試
References
- Belkin, N. J. (2005). Anomalous state of knowledge. In K. E. Fisher, S. Erdelez & L. McKechnie (Eds.), Theories of information behavior (pp. 44-48): Information Today.
- Belkin, N. J., & Kwasnik, B. H. (1986). Using structural representation of anomalous states of knowledge for choosing document retrieval strategies. Proceedings of the 9th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval, 11-22.
- Cole, C., Leide, J., Beheshti, J., Large, A., & Brooks, M. (2005). Investigating the anomalous states of knowledge hypothesis in a real-life problem situation: A study of history and psychology undergraduates seeking information for a course essay. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 56(14), 1544-1554.
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