Citation - Godbold, N. (2006). Beyond information seeking: Towards a general model of information behaviour. Information Research, 11(4). available in http://informationr.net/ir/11-4/paper269

keyword: information behavior

• 將以 Wilson 與 Dervin 理論為主的資訊尋求行為模式擴張到資訊行為模式
• Argument: 某些資訊行為模式的缺點在於其序列式的程序，而「真實」的行為並非總是序列的。此外，資訊行為模式應該避免只描述資訊尋求。
  A shortcoming of some models of information behaviour is that they present a sequence of stages where it is evident that actual behaviour is not always sequential. In addition, information behaviour models tend to confine themselves to depictions of information seeking.
• Development. 根據 Chatman, Krikelas, Savolainen 的理論發展出「多向性」資訊行為模式，涵蓋了資訊創作、資訊消除與資訊避免等行為。
  A model of 'multi-directionality' is explored, to overcome the notion of sequential stages. Inspired by authors such as Chatman, Krikelas, and Savolainen, modes of information behaviour such as creating, destroying and avoiding information are included.
• Conclusion. 新的資訊行為模式替換了整合 Wilson與Dervin模式的「阻礙」、「鴻溝」概念。新提出的模式採用多向性的概念與識別方法。
  New models of information behaviour are presented that replace the notion of 'barriers' with the concept of 'gap', as a means of integrating the views of Wilson and Dervin. The proposed models incorporate the notion of multi-directionality and identify ways in which an individual may navigate 'gap' using modes of information behaviour beyond information seeking.

• Brookes (1980) : 資訊方程式 K[S] + ΔI = K[S + ΔS]
• Wilson
  • 1981: Figure 1: Wilson's 1981 model of information-seeking behaviour. Wilson, T.D. (1981). On user studies and information needs. Journal of Documentation, 37(1), 3-15. Retrieved 10 June, 2006 from http://informationr.net/tdw/publ/papers/1981infoneeds.html
  • 1996: Wilson's 1996 model of information behaviour. Wilson, T.D. (1997). Information behaviour: an inter-diciplinary persepective. In: P. Vakkari, R. Savolainen & B. Dervin (Eds.). Information seeking in context. Proceedings of an international conference on research in information needs, seeking and use in different contexts 14-16 August, 1996, Tampere, Finland. (pp. 39-50) London: Taylor Graham.
  • 1999: nested model of information behaviour: Wilson, T.D. (1999). Models in information behaviour research. Journal of Documentation, 55(3), 249-270. Retrieved 10 June, 2006 from http://informationr.net/tdw/publ/papers/1999JDoc.html
  • 1999: A stage process version of Ellis's behavioural framework and comparison with Kulthau's stage process model - by Wilson 1999. Wilson, T.D. (1999). Models in information behaviour research. Journal of Documentation, 55(3), 249-270. Retrieved 10 June, 2006 from http://informationr.net/tdw/publ/papers/1999JDoc.html
• Dervin (1992) : Sense-making. Dervin, B. (1992). From the mind's eye of the user: the sense-making qualitative-quantitative methodology. In J. D. Glazier & R. R. Powell (Eds.), Qualitative research in information management. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited Inc.

• 回顧 TD Wilson 與 B Dervin 的資訊行為模型，提出兩個缺點
  • 資訊行為並不一定是單向的
    Multi-directionality in information behaviour
    上述的資訊行為模型都是一種進程順序的關係: 個人體驗到某些需求，開始尋求，找到資訊，用來解決問題。但人的資訊尋求行為，實際上並沒有一定的順序，而是多方向的、遞迴的、可能中斷或放棄的、重新來過的。
    The order of information seeking tasks may be reversed or convoluted, and includes dead-ends, changes of direction, iteration, abandonment and beginning again.
    • 既有的資訊行為模式都是以資訊尋求行為為主。
      例外：Fisher, K.E. (2005). Information grounds. information giving and information use. Erdelez, S. (2005). Information encountering.
• Gap 並不能解釋資訊尋求行為的動機。Gap 過大或過小都不會發生資訊尋求行為。

• The definition of Information Behavior by Wilson
  • 'those activities a person may engage in when identifying his or her own needs for information, searching for such information in any way and using or transferring that information.' (Wilson 1999: 249)
  • 'the totality of human behaviour in relation to sources and channels of information, including both active and passive information seeking and information use.' (Wilson 2000: 49)

• A wider alternative information behaviour strategies:
  • encounter information by actively gathering information towards a goal, but also by:
    • routine information gathering (Krikelas 1983; Savolainen 1995; Williamson 1998) and
    • picking up information by chance in the course of other activities. (Krikelas 1983; Savolainen 1995; Williamson 1998; Erdelez 2005
  • People respond to information by seeking more information, but also by:
    • sharing or spreading information, creating documents, telling other people. (Krikelas 1983; Wilson 1994; Haythornthwaite 1996; Williamson 1998; Pettigrew 1999; Rioux 2005)
    • taking mental note (non specific goal or goal not imagined yet) (Krikelas 1983)
    • avoiding or ignoring information (Chatman 1996, 2000; Wilson 1997; Solomon 2005)
    • disputing or disbelieving information (Chatman 1999)
    • hiding and / or destroying information (Chatman 1996, 2000)

• Dervin's bridge the gap. Seeking strategies 'allows them to change their internal reality, until it more closely fits what we are calling 'external reality'.'
  • Dervin's theory can't interpret alternative strategies.

• build a bridge
  • seek information
  • create information
• make the gap smaller
  • spread or dispute information
  • destroy information
• ignore the gap (take a different path)
  • avoid or disbelieve information
  • take mental note

以下段落利用此處對行為模式的類型化，修改Wilson既有的模式。

討論的部份，圍繞在gap上。作者認為資訊行為需要focus the gap，更瞭解人如何在gap之中 navigating ，而並非只是要超越gap。另一方面，也認為有些資訊行為不需要有gap。作者視gap為資訊行為的主要動機來源。

最後，也提到許多新興的資訊行為研究並不處理資訊尋求行為。這些研究很難整合到既有模式上。作者也只是提出各種問號。

非尋求的資訊行為：這些引用來源幾乎都出自於 Fisher, K. E., Erdelez, S., & McKechnie, L. (Eds.). (2005). Theories of information behavior. Medford, N.J.: Information Today.

• Hjørland 2005;
• Sundin & Hedman 2005
• Talja 2005
• Savolainen (2005: 146) remarked that mastery of life 'describes the tendency to adopt a certain information seeking strategy'; does it also describe a general tendency toward strategies of information behaviour?
• information intents (Todd 2005),
• affective load (Nahl 2005),
• motivational factors (Watters & Duffy 2005),
• Hansen 2005;
• Wildemuth & Hughes 2005)
• Would the problem be investigated best by using discursive information research (Tuominen et al. 2005)
• social positioning theory (Given 2005),

.