Towards an architectural document analysis / Francke (2009)
Citation - Francke, H. (2009). Towards an Architectural Document Analysis. Journal of Information Architecture, 1(1), 16-36.
Keyword - Information Architecture, Document Architecture
Abstract
本文主要探討:
- 資訊架構(IA)與文件架構(DA)的定義與運用。
The article contains an overview of how IA and DA have been used and defined. - 將文件當作一種「社會-科技產物」的分析模型,能在理論與實務方面,更有效的區分資訊架構分析與文件架構分析。
The article shows how a model for analysing documents as sociotechnical artefacts can fruitfully draw on parts of the theoretical and practical complexes of IA and DA.- IA(資訊架構分析)考慮的是組織系統、導覽、與命名。
…. IA are organisation systems, navigation, and labelling. - DA(文件架構分析) 考慮的是邏輯架構、編排架構、內容架構、文件架構。
From DA, logical structures, layout structures, content structures, and file structures are all applicable aspects.
「文字/文件即建築」 隱喻 的歷史
THE HISTORY OF THE “TEXT/DOCUMENT AS ARCHITECTURE” METAPHOR
- Cowling(1998)1)
- Plato, Gorgias (蘇格拉底對話錄, 高爾及亞篇): writer and builder alike handle “problems involving the ordering, framing, and fitting together of materials”. 羅馬修辭學。建構言語如同房屋。
- 建築與傳統修辭所相通的步驟:
- inventio (構思, invention)– gathering or constructing material
- dispositio (佈局, disposition)– ordering it according to some form of structure (which may be a hierarchical arrangement)
- ornatus (措辭風格, style)– decorating it in accordance with the intended style and audience.
- 電腦相關領域對於建築隱喻的運用:
- the metaphor has also come to be used in other noun phrases such as systems architecture, software architecture
- Coplien & Devos (2000)2) for a discussion on similarities between the role of building architects and software architects.
- For a critique of the metaphor’s applicability in software architecture, see Baragry & Reed (2001).
資訊架構 information architecture
資訊架構: 定義
- 通常是指製作大型網站的過程之一;或也可以是一種運用在大型網站建置以外的隱喻,例如企業資訊技術架構中的元件配置模型。
- 雖然資訊架構工作可能涉及整合於不同學科領域的專家,如平面設計、圖書館資訊科學、新聞、使用性工程、行銷、人機互動、等等。但實務中,根據相關文獻,工作往往是集中於整合不同利害關係人(stakeholder)的專案經理(project manager)身上。
- 資訊架構任務包含:
- 資訊環境的設計與設計管理;
“[i]nformation architecture is primarily about the design of information environments and the management of an information environment design process”(Morrogh, 20035), 6) - 複雜資訊環境的指引與尋路機制,讓使用者能在資訊空間中找到所需的資訊,一如在機場、車站這類不熟悉的大型建築物之中。即「資訊系統中的組織、命名、導覽架構」;類似傳統知識組織工具如目次、書後索引、詞彙表、控制詞彙、分類表等等。
an aspect that has strong similarities to an area in architecture called “wayfinding”, which aims to facilitate people’s orientation in large, often unfamiliar buildings, such as airports (Van Dijck, 20036), 91; Muhlhausen7), 2006). This aspect of information architecture deals with “organization, labeling, and navigation schemes within an information system” (Rosenfeld & Morville, 2002, 4; cf. Head, 2001). It has similarities to such knowledge organising tools as tables of contents and back-of-the-book indexes in print, but traditional knowledge organisation tools such as thesauri, controlled vocabulary, and classification are also used (Toms, 20028), 860).
資訊架構: 實務應用
- Louis Rosenfeld & Peter Morville9): 對資訊架構最有引響力的書 網際網路資訊架構學。由於兩位作者都有圖書館與資訊科學的背景,他們強調資訊架構的知識組織面。討論了網站導覽系統的分類學的本質。
- Andrew Large, Jamshid Beheshti, & Charles Cole (200210)): 提出“應用資訊架構學”(applied information architecture). 作者著重在資訊入口(portal)設計,歸納從介面設計到檢索的不同資訊架構取向。
- Peter Van Dijck: 以設計師為中心,用更廣的角度討論資訊架構相關議題,但另一方面也將資訊架構更具體化為“組織基模(organization schemes)”, 類別(categories), 命名(labels),與網站地圖(sitemap)設計。(200311), ch. 3).
資訊架構分析
本節主要根據 Rosenfeld & Morville 所提出的資訊架構設計要素,
- 組織系統
- 瀏覽系統與搜尋系統
- 命名系統
文件架構 Document Architecture
定義
- 文件架構,在以往文獻中並沒有明確的被定義過。
- 與文件架構相關的研究,機讀文件格式:
- ISI Web of Science 的 COBATEF – the COntext-BAsed TExt Formatting system (Peels, Janssen & Nawijn, 1985)
- Open Document Architecture, ODA (ISO 8613 1986)
- Standard Generalized Markup Language, SGML (ISO 8879-1986)
- Extensible Markup Language, XML.
分析
- 邏輯結構 logical structures: 文件的層次結構,即:章、節、段落
- 編排結構 layout structures: 呈現樣式
- 內容結構 content structures: 語義結構
- 檔案結構 file structures: 檔案關係的結構
Quotes
在資訊架構或文件架構的看法中,透過「建築」的隱喻,我們將「文件」理解為一種社會-技術的人造產物。
“The architecture metaphor provides a model for understanding and conceptualising documents as sociotechnical artefacts.”(p.16)
Note
前面的文獻探討還不錯。但最後結論的分析,把IA與DA直接對比沒有什麼道理。
Metadata/Backlinks
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file link - Google Schloar, XXC
1)
Cowling, D. (1998). Building the Text: Architecture as Metaphor in Late Medieval and Early Modern France. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2)
Coplien, J. O., Devos, M. (2000). Architecture as Metaphor. Proceedings of the World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, Orlando, Florida, July 2000. 737-742. <http://users.rcn.com/jcoplien/SCI2000Arch.html> [2005-05-23]
3)
Coplien, J. O. (1999). “Reevaluating the Architectural Metaphor: Toward Piecemeal Growth”. IEEE Software 16.5: 40-44.
4)
, 5)
Morrogh, E. (2003). Information Architecture: An Emerging 21st Century Profession. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
6)
, 11)
Van Dijck, P. (2003). Information Architecture for Designers: Structuring Websites for Business Success. Mies: RotoVision.
7)
Muhlhausen, J. (2006). “Wayfinding is not Signage.” SignWeb.com <http://signweb.com/index.php/channel/6/id/1433> [2008-03-07]
8)
Toms, E. G. (2002). Information Interaction: Providing a Framework for Information Architecture. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 53.10: 855-862.
9)
Rosenfeld, L., Morville, P. (2002). Information Architecture for the World Wide Web. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly.
10)
Large, A., Beheshti, J., Cole, C. (2002). Information Architecture for the Web: The IA Matrix Approach to Designing Children’s Portals. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 53.10: 831-838.