由 Larry Tesler 於 1980年代,在 Xerox PARC 提出:
所有產品都有無可避免的複雜性。所以不是用的時候很複雜,就是做的時候很複雜。
“Every application has an inherent amount of irreducible complexity. The only question is: Who will have to deal with it—the user, the application developer, or the platform developer?” (Tesler & Saffer, 2007)
* 一個系統的整體複雜性是一個常數
例如:
.