(Association for Library and Information Science Education, ALISE)

• 1988: Gang of 3 (Pittsburgh; Syracuse; Drexel)
• 2001: Gang of 5 (+ Washington; Michigan)
• 2003: Gang of 10 (+ Illinois; N. Carolina; Florida; Indiana; Texas)

(iSchools Caucus)

• (+ Rutgers; California- Berkeley[Information]; California- Irvin[Information & Computer Science]; California- LA[Education & Information studies]; Georgia Tech[Computing]; Pennsylvania; Indiana; Maryland; Toronto)
• 2005: iSchool Conference
• 2008 (+ CMU Heinz[information management]; Singapore Management[Information system])

iSchool 的興起是由於數位資訊的爆炸性成長。

Marcia Bates 對資訊科學的定義:
資訊科學的領域是 為了將來取用 所選擇與保存的資訊紀錄宇宙(the domain of information science [as] the universe of recorded information that is selected and retained for later access)，而主張資訊科學主要在於資訊的組織、形式以及潛在結構，其次才是內容¹⁾。

Bates 主張資訊科學關注三種問題：

• 
  實體問題：資訊紀錄宇宙的特性與法則
  What are the features and laws of the recorded information universe? (physical question)
• 
  社會問題：人們如何關聯、搜尋與使用資訊?
  How do people relate to, seek, and use information? (social question)
• 設計問題：如何能最有效迅速的取用資訊紀錄?
  How can access to recorded information be made most rapid and effective? (design question)

• Ronald, L. L. (2009). iSchools. in Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Third Edition (pp. 3018-3023). NY, USA: Taylor & Francis.

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