Cooper, L. Z. (2004). The socialization of information behavior: A case study of cognitive categories for library information. The Library Quarterly, 74(3), 299-336.

Typification 類型化，典型化，代表

對相同的資訊，個人有自己的類型化，而社群亦有另一公共的類型化，而個人與社群對相同概念的歸類並不盡然相同。因此，Cooper (2004) 區分三種不同的類型化(typification)與歸類理解的層次：

• 特定個體的個人類型化(personal typification unique to the individual)
• 由社群互為主體性同意的文化類型化 (cultural typification agreed upon by community intersubjectivity)
• 整個社群共享特定觀點的類型化 (typifications of thought communities– a group of individuals within the larger community who share a particular perspective)