== pathetic dot theory 

Pathetic dot theory, 或稱為新芝加哥學派理論, 由[[:people:Lawrence Lessig]]1998所提出，隨著 1999年的書 Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace 出版而廣為人知。PDT是一種關於制度化的社會經濟學理論，探討人類行為受到四種力量管控：法律、社會規範、市場、架構。\\ <fs x-small>The pathetic dot theory or the New Chicago School theory was introduced by Lawrence Lessig in a 1998 article and popularized in his 1999 book, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. It is a socioeconomic theory of regulation. It discusses how lives of individuals (the pathetic dots in questions) are regulated by four forces: the law, social norms, the market, and architecture (technical infrastructure).((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathetic_dot_theory))</fs>

Lessing 認為一個人的行為受到四種外力限制：
* 架構(architecture, technical infrastructure)：環境先天的限制，如受物理上的原理原則。
* 道德規範(social norms)：倫理道德，依不同民族、不同文化而有異同。
* 法律(law)：透過立法機關所定之法，與道德規範不同之處，乃在於違反時，有權力強制介入給予懲罰。
* 市場(market)：根據理性權衡的交易機制。

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